Kodak Film Camera Module 9 User Manual

Processing  
KODAK  
Color Print Films,  
Module 9  
Process ECP-2E  
Specifications  
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2006  
 
9
PROCESS ECP-2E SPECIFICATIONS  
This module contains specifications describing continuous  
machine processing of Kodak color print films. The  
following modules are also used in conjunction with Process  
ECP-2E. Process ECP-2E differs from Process ECP-2D in  
that there is no first fix or sound application.  
Film 2395 / 3395 is coated on a new ESTAR Base  
featuring proprietary Kodak technology that replaces rem-jet  
with process-surviving, anti-static layer, and scratch-  
resistant backing layer. This film has an efficient  
antihalation layer under the emulsion layers, using patented  
solid particle dyes that are decolorized and removed during  
processing.  
For information on color balance, image structure,  
sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage,  
see KODAK Publication H-1-2395.  
Module 10  
Effects of Mechanical and Chemical  
Variations in Process ECP-2E  
Module 1  
Module 2  
Module 3  
Process Control  
Equipment and Procedures  
Analytical Procedures (for Chemical  
Analyses)  
Film Structure  
Module 4  
Reagent Preparation Procedures (for  
Chemical Analyses)  
KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383, KODAK  
VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 and KODAK  
VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 are multi-layer  
films with incorporated-color couplers. Figure 9-1, is a  
diagram of the film structure.  
Module 5  
Module 6  
Chemical Recovery Procedures  
Environmental Aspects  
FILMS AND PROCESS SEQUENCE  
Designated Films  
Figure 9-1  
Cross Section of Unprocessed Color Print Films  
KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383  
EXPOSING LIGHT  
Performance Characteristics and Applications: This film is  
designed for making projection-contrast prints from  
camera-original color negatives, duplicate negatives, and  
internegatives made from color reversal originals. Film 2383  
has an ESTAR Safety Base.  
Gel Protective Coat  
Green-Sensitive Emulsion  
Clear Gelatin Interlayer  
For information on color balance, image structure,  
sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage,  
see KODAK Publication H-1-2383.  
Red-Sensitive Emulsion  
Clear Gelatin Interlayer  
Blue-Sensitive Emulsion  
Anti-Halation Dye Layer  
Stubbing Layer  
U-Coat  
Safety Film Base  
4.7 Mil ESTAR Base  
U-Coat  
KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393  
Performance Characteristics and Applications: Like its  
counterpart KODAK VISION Color Print Film, VISION  
Premier Color Print Film is coated on a polyester base  
without rem-jet, for a cleaner process and cleaner screen  
images. The upper tone scale of VISION Premier Color Print  
Film is significantly higher in density than KODAK VISION  
Color Print Film, so shadows are deeper, colors are more  
vivid, and the image snaps and sizzles on the screen. The toe  
areas of the sensitometric curves are matched more closely,  
producing more neutral highlights on projection.  
Cinematographers can be more creative with lighting and  
exposure, and still see remarkable results.  
For information on color balance, image structure,  
sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage,  
see KODAK Publication H-1-2393.  
Conductive Anti-Static Layer  
Scratch Resistant T-Coat W/Lube  
This drawing illustrates only the relative layer arrangement of the  
film and is not drawn to scale.  
F002_0252AC  
The upper green-sensitive layer contains a colorless  
coupler that is converted to magenta dye during  
development, proportional to green-light exposure. The next  
emulsion layer is red-sensitive and contains a colorless  
coupler that forms a cyan dye, proportional to red exposure.  
The bottom emulsion layer is blue-sensitive, and contains a  
colorless coupler that forms a yellow dye, proportional to  
blue exposure.  
The conductive anti-static layer and scratch resistant  
T-coat with lube are process surviving and retain their  
properties after processing.  
KODAK VISION Color Print Films can be processed  
without a prebath and rem-jet removal and rinse, as indicated  
in Table 9-1. These films can be processed directly with the  
developer solution since they do not have a rem-jet backing  
to remove.  
KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395  
Performance Characteristics and Applications: KODAK  
VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 is specifically  
designed for making low-contrast contact or optical prints  
from camera-original negatives, duplicate negatives, and  
internegatives. This film has been optimized to produce low  
contrast positive images that closely match the dynamic  
range of telecine transfer mediums to produce excellent  
video images.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-1  
 
       
Process ECP-2E Steps  
Table 9-1 Persulfate Bleach Sequence  
Step  
Function  
1. Developer  
Reduces exposed silver halide grains in all three light-sensitive layers. The developing agent  
is oxidized by the exposed silver halide, and the oxidation product couples with the particular  
dye coupler incorporated within each layer to produce dye images. A silver image is formed  
simultaneously at the exposed silver-halide sites.  
2. Stop  
Stops the development of silver-halide grains and washes Color Developing Agent CD-2  
from the film.  
NOTE: The film can now be handled in white light.  
3. Wash  
Removes excess acid stop.  
4. Accelerator  
5. Bleach (persulfate)  
Prepares the metallic silver present for the action of the persulfate bleach.  
Converts the metallic silver from both the sound track image and picture image that was  
formed during color development, to silver-halide compounds that can be removed by the  
fixer. In the sound track, the silver image formed during color development is converted to  
silver halide by the bleach. It is then redeveloped to a silver image by a black-and-white  
developer solution.  
6. Wash  
7. Fixer  
Removes residual bleach from the film, preventing contamination of the following solution.  
Converts the silver-halide compounds formed in the picture area during bleaching to soluble  
silver thiosulfate complex salts that are removed from the film in this fixer and subsequent  
wash.  
8. Wash  
Removes unused fixer and the residual soluble silver thiosulfate complex salts formed during  
fixing.  
9. Final Rinse  
10. Dryer  
Prepares the film for drying.  
Dries film for subsequent handling.  
11. Lubrication  
Promotes longer print projection life. It may be an in- or off-line operation. See Module 2,  
Equipment and Procedures.  
If a customer wishes to retain the first fix and the first fix wash from Process ECP-2D, the sound application may still be skipped  
by threading the film directly from the bleach wash into the second fix.  
Film Storage and Handling  
Alternative Ferricyanide or UL Bleach Sequence  
The steps and their functions are the same as in the  
recommended process, except the 20-second accelerator and  
40-second persulfate bleach is replaced with a 60-second  
ferricyanide or UL bleach.  
Ideally, processed film should be stored at 21°C (70°F) or  
lower, and 40 to 50 percent relative humidity for short-  
term or active storage. For long-term storage conditions,  
store at 2°C (35°F) or lower at a relative humidity of 20  
to 30 percent. In general, dye stability during long-term  
storage improves significantly with reduced temperature.  
See KODAK Publication No. H-23, The Book of Film  
Care, for more information.  
Care must be exercised in the handling of print film to  
avoid scratches and/or dirt that will be noticeable on the  
projected print. Film handlers should use lint-free nylon  
or polyester gloves and handle the film by the edges as  
much as possible. Suggestions on film handling during  
processing are presented in Module 2, Equipment and  
Procedures.  
Safelights for Darkroom Illumination  
When film is handled in a darkroom, whether printer room or  
processing room, safelights are used to provide enough light for  
working without fogging the film.  
KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383, KODAK  
VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 and KODAK VISION  
Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 can be handled under  
illumination provided by standard safelight fixtures fitted with  
the KODAK No. 8 Safelight Filter / dark yellow. A sodium-  
vapor lamp fitted with KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filters  
No. 23A and 53 or 57, plus a neutral density filter to reduce the  
illumination intensity, can also be used. Conduct a careful  
safelight test before production work is started. The processing  
steps after the stop bath can be carried out in normal room light.  
Other Film Characteristics  
For information on the physical characteristics of Kodak  
motion picture films (including edge identification,  
antihalation backing, perforations, and dimensional  
change characteristics), as well as cores, spools, winding,  
and packaging, refer to KODAK Publication No. H-1,  
KODAK Motion Picture Film.  
9-2  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
           
The required treatment or solution time for each  
processing solution and wash is obtained by installing an  
appropriate number of racks in the various solutions and  
washes for a specific film transport speed. The size and  
number of racks are predetermined by the machine  
manufacturer. Some machine manufacturers build racks  
with the upper spools fixed and the lower spools mounted on  
a floater or slider. With such racks, solution times can be  
controlled by adjusting the positions of the floaters. To  
provide adequate agitation of the developer at the emulsion  
surface, the developer tank is equipped with a turbulator. A  
turbulator is a submerged series of tubes, having nozzles or  
drilled holes at various locations along the tubes, pointing  
toward the film strand. The turbulator can be an integral part  
of the machine rack. For more information on turbulator  
design, see Module 2, Equipment and Procedures.  
The processor should be a conventional deep-tank  
machine. Submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies are  
recommended for all solutions to minimize the splattering of  
solutions and aerial oxidation of the developer and fixer.  
Figure 9-3 is a schematic of a typical processing machine for  
Process ECP-2E using the recommended persulfate bleach.  
Figure 9-4 is a schematic of a typical processing machine for  
Process ECP-2E using the alternate ferricyanide or UL  
bleaches. Squeegees should be used at all the locations  
shown in the schematic to reduce contamination and  
minimize loss of solution by carry-over into subsequent  
solutions.  
PROCESSING MACHINE DESIGN AND  
CONSTRUCTION  
Machine Design  
The films intended for Process ECP-2E are processed in roll  
form in a continuous processing machine. Film is  
transported through the various solution tanks, emulsion side  
out, on a series of spools. These spools are mounted in racks  
that fit into the tanks, and film is threaded over the spools so  
that it travels in a continuous spiral on each rack. The film  
should not be allowed to contact any part of the machine that  
can damage either the support or the emulsion side of the  
film. A soft rubber tire has been used successfully on flat  
spools to create a uniform film-support surface consisting of  
many soft, flexible fingers.* Such a soft-touch surface, which  
can be helpful in minimizing physical damage to the film,  
can be used on all rollers that contact the film base.  
Rollers contacting the emulsion should be undercut as  
shown in Figure 9-2. Soft-touch tires can leave marks on the  
emulsion. Some machines use undercut rollers with  
sprockets to drive the film.  
Figure 9-2  
Soft-Touch Tire (Left) and Undercut Roller (Right)  
Eastman Kodak Company does not market processing  
machines or auxiliary equipment suitable for Process  
ECP-2E. However, a list of some manufacturers of  
processing equipment can be obtained through the  
Professional Motion Imaging offices.  
F002_0254AC  
* Described in A Soft-Touch Surface Designed for Scratch-Free Motion-  
Picture Film Processing, Journal of the SMPTE, 79:712-715, August 1970.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-3  
 
     
Figure 9-3 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Persulfate Bleach Sequence  
F002_1280EC  
9-4  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
 
Figure 9-4 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Ferricyanide or “UL” Bleach Sequence  
F002_1281EC  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-5  
 
 
Construction Materials  
The construction materials recommended for the developer,  
stop, fixer, and bleach solutions are listed in Table 9-2. All  
the bleaches are quite corrosive. The UL bleach is slightly  
more corrosive than ferricyanide bleach, but less corrosive  
than persulfate bleach. Titanium, Hastelloy C, and  
engineering plastics such as PVC are, therefore,  
recommended materials for persulfate bleach. Use plastics  
compatible with low pH solutions (less than pH 5).  
Red brass is commonly found in ferricyanide bleach  
systems, it will quickly be dissolved by persulfate bleach and  
UL bleach. In addition to machine tanks, it is often found in  
fittings, flowmeters, heat exchangers, and valves. Small red-  
brass parts have been found even when the bleach tank is  
constructed of titanium, Hastelloy C, or PVC.  
The following materials are compatible with ferricyanide  
or “UL,” but not acceptable with persulfate bleach.  
Monel is a commonly used staple material; it is dissolved  
by persulfate bleach in several hours. Stainless-steel staples  
are recommended for extended lifetime in persulfate bleach.  
Standard carbon-steel staples will show some corrosion, but  
maintain their integrity in persulfate bleach much longer  
than Monel-type staples. In all cases, it is a good practice to  
avoid extended exposure of staples to any bleach solution.  
Some plastic and elastomeric materials will be degraded  
by persulfate bleach. This degradation is accelerated by the  
presence of chlorine in the bleach. Some materials known to  
be degraded by persulfate bleach are low-density  
polyethylene, acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, nylon 6/6,  
and neoprene. All plastics and elastomeric materials (other  
than PVC, RTV-60, silicone, and Vitron) should be tested  
before being used in persulfate bleach. Most plastics,  
including PVC, will discolor in persulfate bleach, but retain  
their mechanical properties. Tygon tubing, which turns  
white, is an example of this effect.  
For best process control, equip the holding tank for the  
color developer replenisher with a tight-fitting floating  
cover. The cover will minimize air oxidation of the solution,  
and absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, which would  
change the pH. Clearance between the cover and the tank  
wall should not be greater than 1inch (6.4 mm).  
4
Polyethylene sheeting of 1inch (12.7 mm) thickness makes  
2
adequate covers in sizes up to 3 feet (1 metre) in diameter. A  
dust cover alone permits air to come in contact with the  
solution and will allow some air oxidation to take place. Dust  
covers should be used for non-developer solution to  
minimize dirt in the replenisher tanks.  
Additional information on materials construction and  
information on their use are given in The SPSE Handbook of  
Photographic Science and Engineering, Materials of  
Construction for Photographic Processing Equipment  
section. You may also contact the Kodak Information Center  
at 1-800-242-2424.  
9-6  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
 
Table 9-2 Construction Materials for Process ECP-2E  
Solution  
Plastics  
(Polyvinyl  
Chloride or  
Polyolefins)  
Austenitic  
Stainless Steel  
AISI Type 316 *  
Titanium  
Hastelloy C  
Bleach (Ferricyanide or “UL):  
Tanks and Racks  
Mixing Tanks  
Replenisher Holding Tanks  
Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores  
Overflow Holding Tank  
Bleach (Persulfate):  
Tanks and Racks  
Mixing Tanks  
Replenisher Holding Tanks  
Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores  
Overflow Holding Tank  
Accelerator:  
Tanks and Racks  
Mixing Tanks  
Replenisher Holding Tanks  
Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores  
Stop:  
Tanks and Racks  
§
Mixing Tanks  
Replenisher Holding Tanks  
Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores  
Others:  
Tanks and Racks  
Mixing Tanks  
Replenisher Holding Tanks  
Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores  
*
AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel has been extensively tested and is satisfactory for the uses listed in the table above. Refer to The SPSE Handbook of  
Photographic Science and Engineering, Materials of Construction for Photographic Processing Equipment Section for information on other Austenitic  
Stainless Steels.  
† Plastics compatible with low pH solutions should be used (e.g., polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene). The compatibility of other  
plastics should be evaluated under actual use.  
‡ Short-term storage of persulfate bleach in stainless steel tanks is acceptable.  
§ Provided the concentration of sulfuric acid specified for the stop is not exceeded and fresh replenisher is always used.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-7  
 
     
Filters  
Dryer Cabinet  
Carefully control drying of processed film. Insufficient  
drying may lead to a physical defect called ferrotyping. If the  
film is over-dried, the emulsion becomes brittle and the film  
tends to curl or flute. Satisfactory drying leaves the film dry  
without tackiness one half to two thirds of the way through  
the drying cabinet. Allow the film to cool to room  
temperature before windup. After cooling, the film should  
have a moisture content in equilibrium with air at 50 percent  
relative humidity.  
Either an impingement or convection (nonimpingement)  
dryer can be used. The impingement dryer dries film in a  
shorter time and occupies less space than most  
nonimpingement dryers. Regardless of the type, the drying  
equipment must produce adequate and uniform drying to  
prevent deformation of the film support or emulsion. Filter  
the input air to the dryer to remove dust particles that can  
stick to the film. A high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)  
filter, such as the Micretain Equi Flo filter (95 percent  
efficient at 0.3-micron particle size) is recommended. †  
Filters are used to remove any insoluble material in the form  
of solids and tars from processing solutions and wash waters.  
If this material is not removed, it can adhere to the film being  
processed, machine tank walls, rollers, lines, etc. Filters are  
required in replenisher lines, recirculation systems, and  
wash-water lines.  
The ideal porosity rating for filters is 10 microns, but the  
back pressure of a 10-micron filter is sometimes too great to  
permit adequate flow unless oversize pumps or parallel  
filters are used. Increasing the filter area will decrease the  
back pressure, but also increase the cost of filters. Filters  
with porosity ratings larger than 30 microns will produce  
low-back pressure, but are of little value in removing  
insoluble material. Another option is using high-porosity  
filters in series. The high-porosity filters will slow the  
clogging of the low-porosity filters.  
Establish and follow a definite replacement schedule for  
filters. Change filters every week or two, or whenever the  
pressure differential across the filter housing exceeds 10 psig  
(69 kPa).  
Polypropylene, fiber glass, or bleached cotton are  
acceptable filter media for all Process ECP-2E solutions.  
Viscose rayon is not recommended for use with the  
developer since it can cause adverse photographic effects.  
Table 9-2 lists acceptable construction materials for filter  
cores. Test all filters for adverse photographic effects before  
use, as described in KODAK Publication No. K-12.  
Film Lubrication  
Edgewax 35 mm and wider films with a paraffin-based  
lubricant (approximately 50 g/L). Full coat 16 and 8 mm  
films with a less dense lubricant such as a 0.5 g/L PE  
Tetrasterate solution (RP 48-1984). See Module 2,  
Equipment and Procedures, for formulas and details.  
Crossover Squeegees  
Processing solution loss and dilution are minimized by  
crossover squeegees. They wipe solution off both sides of  
the film strand using plastic blades, air streams, vacuum,  
buffer plush, or other mechanical means, and direct it back  
into the originating tank.  
A crossover squeegee should be located on the exit strand  
between stages of all countercurrent washes, and on all  
Process ECP-2E solutions. Wiper-blade squeegees* (30- to  
40-durometer hardness) can be employed, but must be  
carefully maintained to make sure they do not scratch the  
film. A general discussion on the use of squeegees is in “A  
Review of the Effects of Squeegees in Continuous  
Processing Machines,” Journal of the SMPTE, 79:121-123,  
February 1970. Squeegee design details are given in  
Module 2, Equipment and Procedures.  
* A description of suitable wiper-blade squeegees is presented in “Spring-  
Loaded Wiper-Blade Squeegees,” Journal of the SMPTE 81:742-796,  
October 1972.  
† A product of Cambridge Filter Corporation, 7645 Henry Clay Blvd.,  
Liverpool, NY 13088.  
9-8  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
       
Figure 9-5 Four-Stage Countercurrent Wash  
Machine Exhaust and Room Ventilation  
Systems  
WATER LEVEL  
Install local exhausts at specific locations on the processing  
machine and at specific work areas to provide for the safety  
and comfort of the laboratory personnel. Supplement local  
exhausts with a room ventilation system having a capacity of  
10 air changes per hour. Vent the discharge air from these  
systems outside the building so that discharged air does not  
contaminate incoming air.  
USED WATER  
TO DRAIN  
Locate local exhausts over chemical mixing tanks to  
remove irritating chemical dust and vapor produced when  
processing solutions are mixed. Remember to comply with  
all regulations related to your operations.  
Processing machines using persulfate bleach need local  
exhausts at the stop, accelerator, bleach, and stabilizer. A  
slot-type exhaust, for example, on the far side of both the  
accelerator and persulfate bleach will eliminate the  
accelerator’s distinctive odor, and the small amount of  
chlorine released from the persulfate bleach. This low  
chlorine lever presents no safety or operational problems but  
can cause some corrosion of stainless steel and other  
materials surrounding the bleach tank if not vented properly.  
Processing machines with ferricyanide bleach need local  
exhausts at the stop tank. A slot-type exhaust, for example,  
on the far side of both the accelerator and persulfate bleach  
will carry away any sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide  
generated by developer carried over into the stop.  
Exhausts need not fit tightly over tanks, and slots should  
be placed to draw air away from the operator. The exhaust  
system should provide an air flow of 175 ft3/min (5 m3/min)  
for every square foot (0.09 m2) of solution surface, and  
provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity  
over the surface of the tank.  
FRESH  
WATER IN  
FILM TRAVEL  
F002_0455AC  
OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS  
Mechanical Specifications  
The recommended mechanical specifications for Process  
ECP-2E are shown in Table 9-3 for persulfate bleach,  
Table 9-4 for ferricyanide bleach, and Table 9-5 for UL  
bleaches. Included are temperatures and tolerances,  
processing solution times, replenisher rates, and other  
pertinent information.  
Use the processing times and drying conditions shown in  
the tables as a guide for preliminary machine design. The  
processing times actually used may differ slightly from the  
ones shown in the tables because of machine design  
variables, such as film velocity, degree of solution agitation,  
and amount of solution carry-over. You must determine  
those specifications necessary to produce satisfactory quality  
for your installation. Optimum drying conditions (air  
volume, temperature, and relative humidity) also vary with  
each dryer design.  
Countercurrent Washes  
Multitank, countercurrent wash methods provide a great  
savings in water. In this technique, fresh water enters the last  
tank, flows to the previous tank, and so on to the first tank,  
in a direction counter to that of film travel. As the film  
advances through the wash, it enters cleaner and cleaner  
water.  
Use the replenishment data listed with the mechanical  
specifications as a starting point for determining exact  
requirements to maintain the tank chemical analytical  
specifications.  
Handle the exposed stock designated for Process ECP-2E  
under proper safelight conditions during machine loading  
and processing until after the stop. The processing steps after  
the stop can be performed in normal room light.  
A four-stage countercurrent final wash is illustrated in  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-9  
 
         
Table 9-3 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with PERSULFATE Bleach  
Temperature*  
KODAK Formula  
Replenisher  
(Wash Rate) per  
100 ft. (30.5 m)  
of 35 mm Film†  
Recirculation (R);  
Filtration (F);  
Turbulation (T)  
Time  
Process Steps  
min:sec  
Tank  
Replenisher  
°C  
°F  
Developer‡  
R, F§, & T¶  
@125 to 175 L/min  
SD-50  
SD-50Ra  
36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2  
3:00  
690 mL  
Stop **  
Wash  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
SB-14  
SB-14  
27 ± 1  
27 ± 3  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
80 ± 5  
80 ± 2  
:40  
:40  
:20  
770 mL  
1.2 L††  
200 mL  
None  
Accelerator ‡‡ **  
R & F  
@40 to 60 L/min  
,
AB-1b  
AB-1bR  
Persulfate Bleach ‡‡ **  
,
R & F§  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
SR-30  
SR-30R  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
:40  
200 mL  
Wash  
Fixer  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
:40  
:40  
1.2 L§§  
None  
F-35b  
F-35bR  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
¶¶  
Wash  
Final Rinse ***  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
1:00  
:10  
1.2 L§§  
400 mL  
None  
FR-2  
FR-2R  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
Type  
Temperature  
RH  
Air Flow  
Time  
Impingement  
57°C (135°F)  
15% to 25%  
5000ft3/min  
3 to 5 min.  
Dryer  
43° to 49°C  
(110° to 120°C)  
Nonimpingement  
15% to 25%  
5000ft3/min  
5 to 7 min.  
Lubrication  
35 mm  
Edgewax  
16 x 18 mm  
Full-coat lubrication  
*
Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements. Fahrenheit temperatures are primary.  
For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates. Since processing operations can vary greatly in respect to such factors as  
film-to-leader ratio, squeegee efficiency, and amount of film processed per unit of time, adjustments in replenisher rates and/or formulas may be required  
to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as 20 mL/100 ft.  
Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer  
for checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.  
Use polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton as a filter medium in the developer. Viscose rayon is not recommended for the developer or bleaches  
because of undesirable photographic effects.  
§
Design developer racks with submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies to minimize solution aeration and splashing.  
** Install an exhaust over the stop tank, since developer carried over into the stop generates sulfur dioxide. Install an exhaust over the accelerator tank to  
eliminate odors. Install an exhaust over the persulfate bleach tanks to eliminate corrosion from chlorine vapors. The exhaust system should produce an  
3
3
2
air flow of 175 ft /min (5 m /min) for every square foot (0.09m ) of solution surface, and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the  
surface of the tank.  
†† The stop wash rates given in this table assume the use of two-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages. Single stage washes require  
substantially higher wash rates.  
Reconstitute and reuse persulfate bleach (SR-30) and accelerator (AB-1b), to obtain full economic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery  
Procedures, for procedures for reconstituting and regenerating persulfate bleach and accelerator.  
§§ The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash and bleach wash are composed of three countercurrent-wash stages with squeegees  
between stages.The spray pressure and flow rate depend on machine speed and equipment used.  
Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operating conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic  
desilvering for the recirculated fixer, the silver concentration should be maintained between 0.5 and 1 g/L. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures,  
for details. The fixer and replenisher must be kept separate from other processes. Savings from reconstituting desilvered fixer overflow for use as  
replenisher are possible.  
*** Processing the print film does not require a formaldehyde stabilizer, therefore you may use Final Rinse, FR-2. FR-2 contains a wetting agent to promote  
more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Spectrus NX1106 or Proxel GXL reduces biological growth in the tank.  
9-10  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
         
Table 9-4 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with FERRICYANIDE Bleach  
KODAK Formula  
Temperature*  
°C °F  
36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2  
Replenisher  
(Wash Rate) per  
100 ft. (30.5 m)  
of 35 mm Film†  
Recirculation (R);  
Filtration (F);  
Turbulation (T)  
Time  
min:sec  
Process Steps  
Developer‡  
Tank  
Replenisher  
SD-50  
SD-50Ra  
SB-14  
3:00  
:40  
690 mL  
R, F§, &T¶  
@ 125 to 175 L/min  
Stop**  
SB-14  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
770 mL  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
Wash††  
Ferricyanide Bleach‡‡  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
:40  
200 mL  
None  
R & F§  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
SR-27  
SR-27R  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
1:00  
Fixer  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
:40  
:40  
None  
§§  
F-35d  
F-35dR  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
Final Rinse***  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
1:00  
:10  
1.2 L†† ¶¶  
None  
,
FR-2  
FR-2R  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
400 mL  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
Dryer  
Type  
Temperature  
RH  
Air Flow  
Time  
Impingement  
57°C (135°F)  
15% to 25%  
5000ft3/min  
3 to 5 min.  
43° to 49°C  
(110° to 120°F)  
Nonimpingement  
15% to 25%  
5000ft3/min  
5 to 7 min.  
Lubrication  
35 mm  
Edgewax  
16 x 18 mm  
Full-coat lubrication  
*
Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements. Fahrenheit temperatures are primary.  
† For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates. Since processing operations can vary greatly in respect to such factors as  
film-to-leader ratio, squeegee efficiency, and amount of film processed per unit of time, adjustments in replenisher rates and/or formulas may be required  
to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as 20 mL/100 ft.  
‡ Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer for  
checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.  
§ Use polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton as a filter medium in the developer. Viscose rayon is not recommended for prebath, developer, or  
bleaches because of undesirable photographic effects.  
¶ Design developer racks with submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies to minimize solution aeration and splashing.  
** Install an exhaust over the stop tank, since developer carried over into the stop generates sulfur dioxide. Install an exhaust over the bleach tanks to  
3
3
2
eliminate corrosion from vapors. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft /min (5 m /min) for every square foot (0.09 m ) of solution surface  
and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.  
The wash preceding the ferricyanide bleach must not become acid enough to lower the bleach pH below 6.0. Low pH in a ferricyanide bleach can promote  
the formation of Prussian blue. Keep the wash after the bleach effective enough to prevent film mottle from the reaction products of bleach carry-over into  
the fixer. Two-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages is recommended for stop wash. The final wash and bleach wash rates assume  
the use of three-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages. The wash rates given in the table assume the use of such staged washes.  
Single-stage washes require substantially greater wash rates.  
Reconstitute and reuse the bleach to obtain the full economic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for a procedure for regenerating  
Ferricyanide Bleach.  
§§Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operations conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic  
desilvering for the recirculated fixer, the silver concentration should be maintained between 0.5 and 1 g/L. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures,  
for details. The fixer and replenisher must be kept separate from other processes. Savings from reconstituting desilvered fixer overflow for use as  
replenisher are possible.  
The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash is composed of three countercurrent-wash stages with squeegees between stages.  
***The final rinse contains a wetting agent to promote more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Proxel GXL or Spectrus NX1106  
controls biological growth in the tank.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-11  
 
     
Table 9-5 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with UL Bleach  
KODAK Formula  
Temperature*  
°C °F  
Replenisher  
(Wash Rate) per  
100 ft. (30.5 m)  
of 35 mm Film†  
Recirculation (R);  
Filtration (F);  
Turbulation (T)  
Time  
min:sec  
Process Steps  
Developer‡  
Replen-  
Tank  
isher  
SD-50  
SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2  
3:00  
:40  
690 mL  
R, F§, & T¶  
@ 125 to 175 L/min  
Stop**  
SB-14  
SB-14  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
770 mL  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
Wash††  
“ULBleach‡‡  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
:40  
1.2 mL††  
400 mL  
None  
R & F§  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
1:00  
Fixer  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
:40  
:40  
None  
§§  
F-35d  
F-35dR  
27 ± 1  
80 ± 2  
R & F  
@ 40 to 60 L/min  
¶¶  
Final Rinse***  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
1:00  
:10  
None  
,
FR-2  
FR-2R  
27 ± 3  
80 ± 5  
400 mL  
R & F  
@40 to 60 L/ min  
Dryer  
Type  
Temperature  
RH  
Air Flow  
5000ft3/min  
5000ft3/min  
Time  
Impingement  
57°C (135°F)  
15% to 25%  
15% to 25%  
3 to 5 min.  
5 to 7 min.  
Nonimpingement  
43° to 49°C  
(110° to 120°F)  
Lubrication  
35 mm  
Edgewax  
16 x 18 mm  
Full-coat lubrication  
*
Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements. Fahrenheit temperatures are primary.  
For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates. Since processing operations can vary greatly in respect to such factors as  
film-to-leader ratio, squeegee efficiency, and amount of film processed per unit of time, adjustments in replenisher rates and/or formulas may be required  
to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as  
20 mL/100 ft.  
§
Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer  
for checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.  
Use polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton as a filter medium in the developer. Viscose rayon is not recommended for prebath, developer, or  
bleaches because of undesirable photographic effects.  
Design developer racks with submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies to minimize solution aeration and splashing.  
** Install an exhaust over the stop tank, since developer carried over into the stop generates sulfur dioxide. Install an exhaust over the bleach to remove  
3
2
vapors. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft7.5/min (5 m /min) for every square foot (0.09 m ) of solution surface and provide 50 to  
3
3
75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft /min (5 m /min) for every  
square foot (0./09 m ) of solution surface, and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.  
2
†† Keep the wash after the bleach effective enough to prevent film mottle from the reaction products of bleach carry-over into the fixer. Two-stage  
countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages is recommended for the stop wash. Three-stage washes are recommended for the bleach and  
final wash. The wash rates given in the table assume the use of such staged washes. Single-stage washes require substantially greater wash rates.  
Reconstitute and reuse the bleach to obtain the full economic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for a procedure for  
reconstituting and regenerating “ULBleach.  
§§Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operations conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic  
desilvering for the recirculated fixer, the silver concentration should be maintained between 0.5 and 1 g/L. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures,  
for details. The fixer and replenisher must be kept separate from other processes. Savings from reconstituting desilvered fixer overflow for use as  
replenisher are possible.  
¶¶ The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash is composed of three countercurrent-wash stages with squeegees between stages.  
*** The final rinse contains a wetting agent to promote more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Proxel GXL or Spectrus NX1106  
controls biological growth in the tank.  
9-12  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
     
Controlling Bleach Tank Concentration  
with Replenisher Rate  
UL Bleach Formulations  
Two UL Bleach formulations are available to fill various  
laboratory operating and environmental needs. They are:  
• Ammonium UL or “UL House” Bleach. This formulation  
contains the highest percentage of ammonium ion which  
maximizes bleach activity. Because the least amount of  
active ingredients are necessary, this is the least expensive  
of the UL bleach varieties to operate. The use of ammonia  
in a laboratory may present some handling and odor  
considerations and is restricted in some sewer districts.  
Since bleach systems are subject to evaporation in the  
machine, overflow and replenisher holding tanks, system  
evaporation often plays a significant part in striking a  
balance between replenisher concentration, replenisher rate,  
and tank concentration. The best way to adjust between these  
factors, especially in a house system, is to vary the  
replenisher rate to maintain the desired tank concentration.  
Allowing the tank concentration to run high creates waste  
due to carryout. A low tank concentration presents the  
danger of inadequate bleaching. A new system should be  
started up using the suggested replenisher rates given for  
each bleach version. As the process or system seasons, the  
rates may be adjusted to give the desired tank concentrations.  
Bromide, iron, and pH are the critical parameters and should  
stay within limits given. If bromide or iron is too high, no  
harm to the process or film will occur, but expensive  
chemicals will be wasted due to carryout.  
The “UL House” Bleach formulation was derived to allow  
for a common tank and replenisher to be used for both  
Processes ECN and ECP. Its advantage is less mixing and  
solution handling between the two processes.  
• Potassium “UL House” Bleach combines the advantages  
of a non-ammonium formulation with a house system  
where one replenisher feeds tanks for both Processes ECN  
and ECP. Through replenisher rate manipulation, the  
tanks for Processes ECN and ECP are maintained at  
appropriate levels so bleaching is completed while excess  
carryout is avoided.  
Conversion to UL Bleach  
The advantages of converting to the UL bleach, from  
ferricyanide bleach (SR-27) are:  
Selecting a Bleach Formulation  
Experimentation has shown that an all-ammonium bleach is  
the most active and, therefore, needs the minimum amount  
of iron (and the associated amount of PDTA) for adequate  
bleaching. When potassium cations are substituted for  
ammonium, more iron is needed to complete bleaching for  
the same time and temperature. The best formulation for use  
in a given lab should be determined based on several  
operating factors. Some of the factors to consider are:  
• Local chemical cost and availability  
• UL bleach maintains a cleaner tank  
• UL bleach forms no prussian blue  
• UL bleach is easier to regenerate  
• UL bleach regenerates into a cleaner replenisher  
The advantages of converting to the UL bleach, from  
persulfate bleach are:  
• UL bleach has more bleaching power  
• UL bleach has a longer solution life  
• Laboratory ventilation factors  
• Restrictions on sewer discharge  
• UL bleach is less sensitive to process variations  
Mechanical changes are minor; adjust controls to keep the  
bleach at 27°C (80°F). Solution times and replenishment  
rates do not change.  
If using the ferricyanide bleach currently, first remove any  
red brass from the system, then clean up the bleach system.  
A high pH wash (10 to 12) will help eliminate any prussian  
blue in the system. Three cleaning cycles are recommended.  
If persulfate bleach is now in your machine, a series of hot  
water rinses is needed in the accelerator and bleach tanks.  
The bleach and accelerator tanks should be filled with hot  
water and the recirculation and replenishment system turned  
on. Three to five cleaning cycles are recommended.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-13  
 
 
Chemical Supplies and Substitutions  
Drying Specifications  
Ferric nitrate is supplied in crystalline form as nonahydrate  
or dissolved in water as a 35 or 45% solution. Various  
bromides, carbonates, and hydroxides may be used  
interchangeably provided attention is given to effluent  
requirements and various molecular weights and activities  
are compensated. The following multipliers may be used to  
calculate between formulations:  
Drying photographic film depends on time in the dryer, the  
geometry of the dryer, the pattern of air flow and/or  
impingement on the film, the volume of air flow, the  
humidity and temperature of the air in the drying cabinet, and  
the efficiency of the final squeegee before the dryer. The  
optimum conditions for drying film must be determined for  
each processor, making allowance for film moisture content  
and static buildup.  
• One gram of ferric nitrate nonahydrate = 1.31 mL of 35%  
= 0.93 mL of 45% solution  
Adequate drying of color print film can be achieved in 3  
to 5 minutes using an impingement dryer with the following  
specifications:  
• One gram of ammonium bromide = 1.21 grams KBr =  
1.05 grams NaBr  
• One mL of 50% NaOH = 1.64 mL 45% KOH  
Hole diameter  
6.4 mm (0.25 in)  
57 mm (2.25 in.)  
21 mm (0.81 in.)  
If the odor or handling of acetic acid is a problem or  
undesirable, solid chemicals may be substituted. They are  
added as follows:  
Spacing between holes  
Film-to-plenum distance  
One mL of glacial acetic acid is equivalent to 1.05 grams  
of glacial acetic acid. One milliliter of glacial acetic acid can  
then be replaced by 1.35 grams of ammonium acetate. In  
potassium formulations, one mL of glacial acetic acid can be  
replaced with 1.71 grams of potassium acetate. The  
ammonium formulation is compensated by removing 2.2 mL  
of 28% ammonium hydroxide per mL of acetic acid from the  
formulation. The potassium formulation gets compensated  
by 1.49 mL of 45% potassium hydroxide for each mL of  
glacial acetic acid removed. This calculation is illustrated in  
the following example:  
Specifications for the dryer input air are in Tables 9-3, 9-4,  
and 9-5. A nonimpingement dryer can be used if the drying  
time is increased to 5 to 7 minutes and the air going into the  
dryer is maintained at the specifications in Tables 9-3, 9-4,  
Upon cooling to room temperature after leaving the dryer,  
the film should have a moisture content at equilibrium with  
air at 50 percent relative humidity.  
Turbulation Specifications  
Turbulators are essential in the recirculation system for  
Process ECP-2E developer to provide uniform film  
processing. The turbulators are submerged in the solution  
and are located in such a way that the recirculated solution  
impinges uniformly over the full width of the film strand.  
The requirements for solution turbulation are dependent  
on film transport speed. Machines with lower speeds will  
require more turbulation than faster machines. Good process  
uniformity can be achieved at a film speed of 165 ft/min  
(50 m/min) using the design guidelines in Module 2,  
Equipment and Procedures, Table 2-2, Developer  
Turbulation Design Guidelines, Process ECN-2, ECP-2E,  
D-96 and D-97. Precise turbulation design must be  
determined specifically for a particular processing machine  
to provide for good uniformity of development. The  
guidelines in Module 2 give helpful starting points for such  
designs. Backup rollers opposite the turbulators may be  
necessary depending on strand tension, strand length, film  
format, and nozzle pressure.  
Formula calls for 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and  
30 mL of 28% ammonium hydroxide. Substituting for  
10 mL of acetic: 10 mL x 1.35 grams ammonium  
acetate per gram acetic = 13.5 grams ammonium  
acetate. The amount of ammonium hydroxide to  
subtract is: 2.2 mL ammonium hydroxide per mL of  
acetic or 2.2 x 10 = 22 mL. The formula becomes zero  
acetic acid, 13.5 grams of ammonium acetate and 8 mL  
of ammonium hydroxide  
9-14  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
     
Wash-Water Flow Rates  
Final Wash  
Adequate washing in conjunction with conservation of wash  
water is a matter of concern for all processors. Ways of  
reducing wash-water usage while maintaining adequate  
washing include: (1) using multi-stage countercurrent-flow  
washes, (2) installing squeegees between wash stages as well  
as before the wash, and (3) shutting off wash water when the  
machine is not transporting film or leader. The last  
alternative can easily be accomplished by installing solenoid  
valves in the wash-water supply lines that are opened when  
the machine drive is running. The water saving from the use  
of squeegees and countercurrent stages can be substantial. A  
three-stage countercurrent final wash with squeegees before  
and after each stage requires approximately 1/25 of the water  
of a single-stage wash with entrance and exit squeegees.  
Overflow from one wash step should never be used in any  
other wash step.  
Decreased water flow in the final wash may increase the  
propensity toward biological growth. See Module 2,  
Equipment and Procedures, for information on control of  
biological growth. Temperature control can also be a  
concern at lower flow rates. After establishing the final flow  
rate, check to be sure the process stays within the  
temperature tolerances specified in Tables 9-3, 9-4, or 9-5.  
The wash-water flow rates in Tables 9-3, 9-4, and 9-5  
have been found to be satisfactory in a 165 ft/min (50 m/min)  
processor, using three-stage countercurrent bleach and final  
washes with efficient squeegees between stages. The other  
washes employ the use of two-stage countercurrent washes.  
The optimum wash rates for a particular installation can be  
determined only after the film transport rate, the number of  
countercurrent stages, and the squeegee efficiencies have  
been established. Experimentation is necessary to determine  
minimum wash-water flow rates that will provide adequate  
washing. Inadequate washing will result in significant  
contamination of the solution after the wash with the  
solution before the wash.  
The final wash must remove most of the thiosulfate (hypo)  
from the film. Retained hypo levels of 4 µg/cm2 or greater  
can cause serious dye fading. If the recommended three-  
stage countercurrent wash and wash rate are used, residual  
hypo in the designated films processed in Process ECP-2E  
should be barely detectable (0.2 to 0.4 µg/cm2) by  
Analytical Method ULM-0004/1 in Module 3, Analytical  
Procedures.  
Rewashing  
For many years, the term rewashing referred to the common  
practice of running processed film through a complete  
process for a second time. This operation removes dirt and/  
or heals slight emulsion scratches and digs. Rewashing a  
film once in the original process produces minimal changes  
in the dye stability and sensitometry. However, several  
rewashings may cause a change in density over the exposure  
scale of the film. By omitting the developer and bleach when  
the film is rewashed, changes in density can be minimized.  
Rewash RW-1 is designed to avoid these sensitometric  
and dye stability changes, and at the same time, to produce  
similar emulsion swells to that obtained by going through the  
original developer.  
Table 9-6 Rewash RW-1 Sequence  
Step  
Function  
1. Prebath PB-6  
Swells the emulsion, causing the  
scratches to be filled in and embedded  
dirt particles to be released.  
2. Wash  
Removes unwanted chemicals, which, if  
left in, affect dye stability.  
3. Final Rinse FR-1 Contains a wetting agent to help prevent  
water spots while the film is being dried.  
4. Dry  
Dries film for subsequent handling.  
The rewash machine consists of a loading elevator, tanks  
for the prebath, wash, and final rinse solutions, and a dryer.  
Submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies will minimize  
spattering of solutions and aerial oxidation of sulfite in the  
prebath. Type 316 stainless steel is suitable for tanks, racks,  
and recirculation equipment. Use 10-micron filters of  
polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton in the  
Stop Wash  
An inadequate wash will result in a high level of Color  
Developing Agent CD-2 in the bleach or bleach accelerator.  
Bleach Wash  
recirculation system. Use no squeegees, except after the final  
rinse, where a high efficiency final squeegee is needed.  
If using the alternate cycle with ferricyanide bleach, an  
inefficient bleach will cause excessive buildup of bleach-  
fixer reaction products in the fixer. The combined levels of  
potassium ferricyanide and sodium ferrocyanide in the final  
stage of the bleach wash should be below 0.5 g/L, as  
measured by Analytical Methods ECP-00021/1 and ECP-  
2E-1101 (or ECP-0023/01) in Module 3, Analytical  
Procedures.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-15  
 
         
Table 9-7 Mechanical Specifications for Rewash RW-1  
KODAK  
Replenisher  
(Wash Rate)  
per 100 ft.  
Temperature*  
Time  
Formula  
Recirculation (R);  
Filtration (F)  
Process Steps  
Tank and  
(30.5 m) of  
°C  
°F  
min:sec  
35 mm Film†  
Replenisher  
Prebath  
PB-6  
21 ± 1  
70 ± 2  
2:00  
600 mL  
R & F  
@ 20 to 40 L/min  
Wash  
21 to 38  
21 to 38  
70 to100  
70 to100  
3:00  
:10  
300 mL‡  
400 mL  
None  
Final Rinse  
FR-1  
R & F  
@ 20 to 40 L/min  
*
Fahrenheit temperatures are primary. Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements.  
For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates.  
Use a two-stage countercurrent wash.  
PROCESSING CHEMICALS AND  
FORMULAS  
Packaged Chemicals  
Kodak packaged chemical kits are available for the solutions  
used in Process ECP-2E. Solutions may also be prepared  
using chemicals purchased in bulk.  
Bulk Chemicals  
The list of suppliers below is not intended to be all-inclusive,  
nor are the suppliers listed in any order of preference. The  
mention of a supplier is not intended as a recommendation  
by Eastman Kodak Company. Most of the chemicals listed  
are available from local chemical supply houses. For  
additional suppliers, consult Chemical Week, Chemical  
Buyers, or Thomas’ Register in public libraries.  
Information on the known hazards and safe handling of  
the following chemicals is available from the supplier of the  
chemical in the form of chemical container labels and  
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) as required by the  
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Act and many state  
laws.  
9-16  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
     
Table 9-8 SUPPLIERS OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS  
Supplier  
Phone  
Number  
Formula  
or Chemical Name  
Chemical or Trade Name  
Acetic Acid, Glacial  
Some Suppliers  
Fisher Scientific  
CH COOH  
800-766-7000  
201-337-0900  
212-286-4000  
800-736-7893  
800-766-7000  
800-554-5343  
425-889-3400  
800-766-7000  
973-515-0900  
3
Brown Chemical Company  
Ameribrome, Inc.  
Ammonium Bromide  
NH Br  
4
Pechiney World Trade USA  
Fisher Scientific  
Ammonium Hydroxide (28% Solution)  
NH OH  
4
Mallinckodt, Inc.  
Van Waters and Rogers  
Fisher Scientific  
Ammonium Thiosulfate  
(NH ) S O  
4 2 3  
2
General Chemical Company  
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. 800-441-7515  
KODAK Anti-Calcium, No. 4  
Eastman Kodak Company  
Allan Chemical Company  
Chemical Dynamics Corporation  
Eastman Kodak Company  
Eastman Kodak Company  
Fisher Scientific  
800-621-3456  
201-592-8122  
908-753-5000  
800-621-3456  
800-621-3456  
800-766-7000  
614-790-3333  
800-568-4000  
800-447-4369  
800-447-4369  
973-426-2800  
800-766-7000  
800-554-5343  
513-731-1110  
973-515-0900  
781-933-2800  
800-621-3456  
800-766-7000  
614-790-3333  
201-337-0900  
516-627-6000  
800-323-1414  
800-554-5343  
800-766-7000  
800-323-7107  
201-337-0900  
800-523-7391  
614-790-3333  
800-766-7000  
201-337-0900  
201-337-0900  
201-337-0900  
614-790-3333  
614-790-3333  
800-554-5343  
508-655-5805  
Beta-Aminopropionic Acid (Beta-Alanine)  
KODAK Chelating Agent, No. 1  
KODAK Color Developing Agent, CD-2  
Ethylene-diamine*  
NH CH CH NH  
2
2
2
2
Ashland Chemical Company  
Union Carbide Corporation  
Dow Chemical USA  
(Ethylene-dinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid,  
Tetrasodium Salt  
Dow Chemical USA  
BASF Corporation  
Fisher Scientific  
Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate*  
Fe(NO ) •9H O  
Mallinckodt, Inc.  
3 3  
2
Shepherd Chemical Company  
General Chemical Company  
American Gelatin Company  
Eastman Kodak Company  
Fisher Scientific  
Gelatin  
KODAK Persulfate Bleach Accelerator PBA-1  
Phosphoric Acid*  
H PO  
3
4
Ashland Chemical Company  
Brown Chemical Company, Inc.  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Anachemia Chemicals, Inc.  
Mallinckrodt, Inc.  
Potassium Ferricyanide, Anhydrous*  
Potassium Iodide*  
K Fe(CN)  
3
6
KI  
Potassium Persulfate*  
K S O  
Fisher Scientific  
2
2
8
FMC Corporation  
Brown Chemical Company, Inc.  
Avecia, Inc.  
Proxel GXL  
Sodium Bisulfite, Anhydrous*  
NaHSO  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Fisher Scientific  
3
Brown Chemical Company, Inc.  
Brown Chemical Company  
Brown Chemical Company, Inc.  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Mallinckodt, Inc.  
Sodium Bromide, Anhydrous*  
Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous*  
NaBr  
NA CO  
2
3
Sodium Chloride*  
NaCI  
American International Chemical  
Company  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-17  
 
 
Supplier  
Phone  
Number  
Formula  
or Chemical Name  
Chemical or Trade Name  
Some Suppliers  
Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, Anhydrous*  
NaH PO  
Pechiney World Trade USA  
Degussa-Huls Corporation  
Degussa-Huls Corporation  
Filo Chemical, Inc.  
800-736-7893  
201-641-6100  
201-641-6100  
212-514-9330  
614-790-3333  
201-337-0900  
800-447-4369  
800-766-7000  
614-790-3333  
201-337-0900  
410-354-0100  
800-766-7000  
800-426-8702  
508-655-5805  
2
4
Sodium Ferrocyanide, Decahydrate*  
Sodium Hydroxide*  
Na Fe(CN) •10H O  
4
6
2
NaOH  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Brown Chemical Company  
Dow Chemical USA  
Fisher Scientific  
Sodium Hypochlorite  
NaOCI  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Brown Chemical Company  
Delta Chemical Company  
Fisher Scientific  
Sodium Metabisulfite Anhydrous*  
Na S O  
2
2
5
8
BASF Corporation  
American International Chemical  
Company  
Sodium Persulfate*  
Na S O  
Fisher Scientific  
800-766-7000  
800-323-7107  
201-337-0900  
973-515-0900  
800-766-7000  
508-655-5805  
2
2
FMC Corporation  
Brown Chemical Company, Inc.  
General Chemical Corporation  
Fisher Scientific  
Sodium Sulfate, Anhydrous*  
Na SO  
2
4
American International Chemical  
Company  
Sodium Sulfite, Anhydrous*  
Na SO  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Fisher Scientific  
614-790-3333  
800-766-7000  
215-355-3300  
800-621-3456  
614-790-3333  
800-766-7000  
2
3
Spectrus NX1106  
Betz Dearborn Inc.  
KODAK Stabilizer Additive  
Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated*  
Eastman Kodak Company  
Ashland Chemical Company  
Fisher Scientific  
H SO  
2
4
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. 800-441-7515  
*
These chemicals must meet the ANSI/ACS specifications. An index of all ANSI specifications is available from American National Standards Institute,  
550 Mamaronek Ave., Harrison, New York 10528.  
9-18  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
Solution Mixing  
1. Use the following mixing practices when preparing  
processing solutions with common mixing equipment. Mix  
solutions in the order in which the solutions occur in the  
process sequence. This order will minimize mixing time  
and oxidation, while providing consistent results. See  
Module 10, Effects of Mechanical & Chemical Variations  
in Process ECP-2E, for sensitometric effects of  
Caution  
CORROSIVE: Avoid contact with solution and vapor.  
Avoid breathing vapor. Wear safety goggles and impervious  
gloves. Store in a cool place to prevent pressure build-up in  
the container.  
UL BLEACH: When adding Ammonium Hydroxide  
to the mix tank, be sure to add it below, or at the  
surface of the solution to minimize the escape of  
Ammonia vapor. Careless handling may require  
evacuation of the mix room.  
contamination and solution concentration errors.  
The mixing area should be well ventilated and have a local  
exhaust over the mixing tank to carry off fumes and chemical  
dust. See Module 2, Equipment and Procedures, for exhaust  
specifications.  
5. Agitate the solution for a few minutes after it has been  
diluted to volume, to promote complete and uniform  
dissolution of all the constituents. The prebath,  
developer, stop, and final rinse should be agitated for  
at least 5 minutes after dilution to volume; the fixer for  
10 minutes; and the bleach for 15 minutes.  
Good mixing practices:  
1. Observe all precautionary information on containers  
and packages of each chemical, and on the Material  
Safety Data Sheets available from the seller of the  
individual chemical. Footnotes with some formulas  
provide further precautionary information.  
6. Analyze the solution for its critical constituents after  
mixing. Then place the certified solution into the  
appropriate storage tank.  
2. Rinse the mix tank with water, and run fresh water  
through the pump. Drain the tank and pump.  
7. Carefully rinse the mixing tank and any pump used to  
transport the solution. Clean the mixing equipment  
immediately after the tank is emptied, before salts and  
tars have time to form. The tank is more efficiently  
rinsed with numerous small-volume rinses than with  
fewer large-volume rinses.  
3. Fill the tank to the mixing level with water at the  
appropriate temperature, and start the mixer. Be sure  
the mixer is large enough to provide adequate agitation  
for the volume of solution desired. The starting mixing  
level should be 80 percent of the final volume (if a  
water hopper is used, take care not to over dilute the  
solution). Allow one minute for agitating the water  
between the time the mixer is started and the first  
chemical addition is made. This action helps remove  
air from the water and disperse the first chemical  
addition.  
4. Premeasure all chemicals,* but do not combine the dry  
chemicals together before adding them to the mixing  
tank. This practice can result in unwanted chemical  
reactions producing toxic and noxious fumes. The  
formula for each processing solution lists chemicals in  
the proper mixing order. Add and dissolve the  
chemicals in the order given, and dilute the solution to  
volume with water. When mixing sound track  
developer accelerator for persulfate bleach,  
ferricyanide bleach, and UL bleaches, observe the  
following special mixing instructions.  
PERSULFATE BLEACH ACCELERATOR: Mixing  
with high agitation for extended periods of time can  
result in the loss of some PBA-1 due to aerial  
oxidation. Mix only until all solid chemicals have  
dissolved.  
FERRICYANIDE BLEACH: When the ferricyanide  
bleach is made with ferrocyanide and persulfate, the  
solution should be allowed to sit approximately an  
hour before final adjustments are made. This allows  
for complete reaction of the two chemicals.  
* When preparing processing solutions, use photographic grade chemicals  
(passing the ANSI or ANSI/ACS specifications). Kodak, as well as some  
other suppliers, provide such chemicals.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-19  
 
   
Formulas and Analytical Specifications  
Maintain the fresh tank formula specifications exactly as given on the following pages. Any large deviations from tank  
specifications, noted by chemical analysis, should be corrected immediately by appropriate additions or cuts to the tank solution.  
Any long-term tendency to deviate from the tank analytical specifications (e.g., slowly increasing pH) should be corrected by  
adjustment of the replenisher. The replenisher formula specifications are to be used as starting points for typical operations.  
Important  
Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.  
Developer  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Developer  
(SD-50)  
900 mL  
1.0 mL  
4.35 g  
Water 24-38°C (75-100°F)  
KODAK Anti-Calcium, No. 4  
Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)*  
KODAK Color Developing Agent CD-2*  
Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Hydroxide  
900 mL  
1.4 mL  
4.50 g  
5.80 g  
18.0 g  
1.60 g  
0.90 g  
None  
4.00 ± 0.25 g/L  
4.20 ± 0.25 g/L  
2.95 g  
2.70 ± 0.25 g/L  
5.70 ± 0.25 g/L  
17.1 g  
1.72 g  
1.72 ± 0.10 g/L  
1.60 ± 0.10 g/L  
None  
Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N)  
0.62 mL  
1000 mL  
Water to make  
1000 mL  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
10.59 ± 0.05  
1.025 ± 0.003†  
35.0 ± 2 mL  
11.20 ± 0.05  
1.023 ± 0.003  
39.0 ± 2 mL  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Total Alkalinity (10 mL sample)  
WARNING! May cause eye and skin irritation and allergic skin reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.  
*
The difference between the mix levels and the analytical specifications for CD-2 and sodium sulfite are to compensate for aeration losses that occur  
during mixing and transfer of solution to the machine tank. The mix levels necessary to achieve the required analytical specifications will vary with  
mixing equipment and solution transfer techniques.  
† Developer specific gravity will rise from 1.020 ± 0.003 to 1.025 ± 0.003 as the developer is seasoned.  
To process VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal replenisher flow rate must be increased by 8%. If the footage  
processed is less than one tank turnover, no change of pH is required in the replenisher, but small adjustment could be necessary  
in the tank processor. For larger quantity of VISION Premier Color Print Film (more than one tank turnover), it is recommended  
to increase the replenisher pH to 11.45.  
9-20  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
   
Alternate Developer  
Constituent  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Fresh Tank  
Developer  
(SD-51)  
Water 24-38°C (75-100°F)  
900 mL  
900 mL  
4.8 g  
(Ethylenedinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid  
Tetrasodium Salt  
4.0 g  
EASTMAN Developer Stabilizer No. 1*  
Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)†  
KODAK Color Developing Agent CD-2†  
Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Hydroxide  
0.20 g  
4.35 g  
2.95 g  
17.1 g  
1.72 g  
None  
0.25 g  
4.50 g  
5.80 g  
18.0 g  
1.60 g  
0.90 g  
None  
4.00 ± 0.25 g/L  
4.20 ± 0.25 g/L  
2.70 ± 0.25 g/L  
5.70 ± 0.25 g/L  
1.72 ± 0.10 g/L  
1.60 ± 0.10 g/L  
Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N)  
0.62 mL  
1000 mL  
Water to make  
1000 mL  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
10.59 ± 0.05  
1.020 ± 0.003‡  
35.0 ± 2 mL  
11.20 ± 0.05  
1.023 ± 0.003  
39.0 ± 2 mL  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Total Alkalinity (10 mL sample)  
WARNING! May cause eye and skin irritation and allergic skin reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.  
*
EASTMAN Developer Stabilizer, No. 1 (DS-1) is also known as Chemical No. 10040097 and is available from Kodak by calling (716) 722-5545 or  
Faxing a P.O. to (716) 722-2175.  
† The differences between the mix levels and the analytical specifications for CD-2 and sodium sulfite are to compensate for aeration losses that occur  
during mixing and transfer of solution to the machine tank. The mix levels necessary to achieve the required analytical specification will vary with  
mixing equipment and solution transfer techniques.  
‡ Developer specific gravity will rise from 1.020 ± 0.003 to 1.025 to ± 0.003 as the developer is seasoned.  
To process VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal replenisher flow rate must be increased by 8%. If the footage  
processed is less than one tank turnover, no change of pH is required in the replenisher, but small adjustment could be necessary  
in the tank processor. For larger quantity of VISION Premier Color Print Film (more than one tank turnover), it is recommended  
to increase the replenisher pH to 11.45.  
Stop  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Stop  
(SB-14)  
900 mL  
50 mL*  
1 L  
Water 21-38°C (70-100°F)  
Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N)  
Water to make  
Same as Tank  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
0.8 to 1.5  
WARNING! May cause burns of skin and eyes. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. In case of contact, immediately flush  
eyes and skin with plenty of water; for eyes, get medical attention.  
*
10 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid may be substituted.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-21  
 
 
Accelerator  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Accelerator *  
(AB-1b)  
900 mL  
3.3 g  
(AB-1bR)  
900 mL  
5.6 g  
Water 24- 38°C (75-100°F)  
Sodium Metabisulfite (Anhydrous)  
Acetic Acid (Glacial)  
2.0 ± 0.5 g/L†  
5.0 ± 0.5 mL/L‡  
3.3 ± 0.5 g/L†  
7.0 ± 0.5 m/L‡  
5.0 mL  
7.0 mL/L  
Persulfate Bleach Accelerator PBA-1  
3.3 g  
or  
4.0 mL  
3.3 ± 0.3 g/L  
or  
4.0 ± 0.4 mL/L  
4.9 g  
or  
5.9 mL  
4.9 ± 0.3 g/L  
or  
5.9 ± 0.4 mL/L  
or  
KODAK liquid PBA-1§  
(Ethylenedinitrilo)  
Tetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt  
0.5 g  
1 L  
0.7 g  
1 L  
Water to make  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
4.0 ± 0.2  
3. ± 0.2  
1.007 ± 0.003  
1.031 ± 0.003  
(seasoned)  
1.012 ± 0.003  
*
Mixing the accelerator with high agitation for extended periods of time results in loss of some PBA-1 due to aerial oxidation. Mix the accelerator only  
until all chemicals are dissolved.  
† The analytical method measures the total sulfite content of the solution and reports it as sodium metabisulfite (Na S O ). If a solution addition to the  
2
2
5
sodium metabisulfite level must be made but sodium bisulfite is to be used, multiply the sodium metabisulfite addition weight by the factor 1.09 to  
obtain the equivalent amount of sodium bisulfite.  
The difference between mix level and the analytical specification occurs because some sulfite is consumed in a reaction with KODAK Persulfate  
Bleach Accelerator PBA-1 to form the active accelerator species “in situ.”  
§
The analytical method measures buffer capacity and results are reported in terms of glacial acetic acid. Adjustment in pH should be made with  
glacial acetic acid or 50% sodium hydroxide.  
For convenience, add PBA-1 from a 250 g/L stock solution. Prepare by dissolving 5 kg PBA-1 in water and diluting to 20 L. Each 4 mL of stock  
solution contains 1 g PBA-1. For a 100 L replenisher of AB-1bR, add 1.96 L of stock solution.  
To process VISION Premier Color Print Film, the accelerator replenisher flow rate may need to be increased. If only a  
small amount of footage is processed no change in the flow rate should be required in the replenisher. For larger quantities of  
VISION Premier Color Print Film (more than one tank turnover), it is recommended to increase the flow rate by approximately  
20% and closely monitor the PBA-1 level and retained silver in the D-max area of the film.  
Bleach  
Persulfate Bleach  
Only to be used in combination with accelerator solution.  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Persulfate Bleach  
Fresh Tank  
(SR-30)  
850 mL  
0.35 g  
33 g  
(SR-30R)  
800 mL  
0.50 g  
52 g  
Water 24-38°C (75-100°F)  
Chlorine Scavenger *  
Sodium Persulfate  
30 ± 2 g/L  
48 ± 3 g/L  
Sodium Chloride  
15 g  
15 ± 3 g/L  
20 g  
20 ± 2 g/L  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate  
(Anhydrous)  
7.0 g  
10.0 g  
Phosphoric Acid (85%)  
Water to make  
2.5 mL  
1 L  
7.0 ± 1.0 mL/L†  
2.5 mL  
1 L  
8.8 ± 1.0 mL/L†  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
2.3 ± 0.2  
2.4 ± 0.2  
1.037 ± 0.003 (fresh)  
1.059 ± 0.003  
1.085 (seasoned)‡  
*
Since there are many acceptable chlorine scavengers, convenience of use and cost may be factors in making a choice. Hydrolysate, a soluble version  
of gelatin, is available from U.S. Gelatin Corporation. Both food and photographic-grade gelatin have been used successfully. The gelatin must first  
be dissolved in 40°C (104°F) water and stirred for 20 minutes. Up to 50 g/L can be added in this way in order to make a stock solution for subsequent  
use. Beta-aminopropionic acid is higher cost alternative offering easy solubility.  
The analytical method measures the buffer capacity of the bleach and reports the result as mL/L of phosphoric acid (85%). The analytical  
specification (7.0 mL) is larger than the amount of phosphoric acid added (2.5 mL) because dihydrogen phosphate (and sulfate in seasoned  
solutions) also contributes to the measurement. If a correction must be made, phosphoric acid (85%) can be added on a mL-for-mL basis. For  
example, if the tank analysis reports 5.0 mL/L, then the correction would be to add 2.0 mL/L of phosphoric acid (85%).  
If the bleach tank overflow is being reused, the specific gravity (a measure of sulfate ion buildup) should not exceed this value as incomplete  
bleaching could occur.  
9-22  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
     
Alternate Process Bleaches  
Constituent  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Fresh Tank  
UL Bleach* or “UL House” Bleach*  
Water 21-38°C (70-100°F)  
700 mL  
0.07 mL  
54 mL  
700 mL  
0.10 mL  
64 mL  
51 g  
Proxel GXL  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution (28%)†  
KODAK Chelating Agent No. 1 (PDTA)  
44.8 g  
Ammonium Bromide (NH Br) or  
4
23.8 or 25 g  
23.8 or 25 ± 3 g/L  
30.7 or 32.3 g  
30.7 or 32.3 ± 3 g/L  
Sodium Bromide (NaBr)  
Acetic Acid Solution (90%)  
Ferric Nitrate (Nonahydrate)‡  
Water to make  
10 mL  
53.8 g  
1 L  
14.5 mL  
61.2 g  
1 L  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)§  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Total Iron  
5.30 ± 0.20  
1.056 ± 0.003  
7.50 ± 0.50 g/L  
7.50 ± 0.50 g/L  
<0.5 g/L  
5.30 ± 0.20  
1.066 ± 0.003  
8.20 ± 0.50 g/L  
8.20 ± 0.50 g/L  
<0.5 g/L  
Ferric Iron  
Ferrous Iron  
*
This formulation for bleach replenisher and tank can also be used as a “house” bleach for Process ECN and Process ECP. The rate of replenishment  
would be adjusted for each process to arrive at the appropriate tank concentrations for each constituent. The starting point replenishment rate  
recommendations for Process ECN and Process ECP are 200 mL/L and 400 mL/L respectively.  
You can substitute ammonium acetate for ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid. See Chemical Supplies and Substitutions .  
‡ When using 35% solution by weight, use 70.5 g/L in Tank, and 80.2 g/L in Replenisher.  
§
Adjust pH using glacial acetic acid, 7.0 N sulfuric acid, or 20% ammonium hydroxide.  
Note:  
• It is especially important to follow the Good mixing practices: when preparing this bleach.  
• Follow exactly the mix order given above.  
• Check the solution pH before starting the ferric nitrate addition. It should be between 8 and 8.5; adjust if necessary.  
• Add the ferric nitrate solution slowly while mixing.  
• The solution should be clear and yellow after completion of the ferric nitrate addition and subsequent mixing. A temporarily  
cloudy solution caused by too low a pH will clear during pH adjustment.  
• A solution which stays red for a long time after mixing indicates an excess of iron or deficiency of chelating agent.  
• A pH correction can be made using sulfuric acid or ammonium hydroxide. Do not use phosphoric acid or strong bases such as  
potassium or sodium hydroxide.  
• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the  
image area D-max.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-23  
 
 
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Potassium “ULBleach  
Water 21-38°C (70-100°F)  
Proxel GXL  
700 mL  
0.07 mL  
700 mL  
0.07 mL  
84 mL  
KOH (45%)*  
KODAK Chelating Agent No. 1 (PDTA)  
KBr or NaBr  
54 g  
92 g or 78 g  
13.5 mL  
63 g  
60 g  
92 g or 78 g  
101 g or 86 g  
15 mL  
101 g or 86 g  
Acetic Acid  
Ferric Nitrate (Nonahydrate)†  
70 g  
Water to make  
1 L  
1 L  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)‡  
Total Iron  
5.30 ± 0.20  
1.131 ± 0.003  
9.0 ± 0.5 g/L  
9.0 ± 0.5 g/L  
<0.5 g/L  
5.30 ± 0.20  
1.142 ± 0.003  
10 ± 0.5 g/L  
10 ± 0.5 g/L  
<0.5 g/L  
Ferric Iron  
Ferrous Iron  
*
DO NOT add more potassium hydroxide after ferric nitrate is added.  
† See Chemical Supplies and Substitutions for possible chemical alternatives.  
‡ Adjust pH with glacial acetic acid, potassium carbonate, or 7.0 N sulfuric acid.  
Note: See Chemical Supplies and Substitutions for calculations regarding raw chemical concentrations and alternatives.  
• It is especially important to follow the Good mixing practices: when preparing this bleach.  
• Follow exactly the mix order given above.  
• Check the solution pH before starting the ferric nitrate addition. It should be between 8 and 8.5; adjust if necessary.  
• Add the ferric nitrate solution slowly while mixing.  
• The solution should be clear and yellow after completion of the ferric nitrate addition and subsequent mixing. A temporary  
cloudy solution caused by too low a pH will clear during pH adjustment.  
• A solution which stays red for a long time after mixing indicates an excess of iron or a deficiency of chelating agent.  
• A pH correction can be made using sulfuric acid or potassium carbonate. Do not use phosphoric acid or strong bases such as  
potassium or sodium hydroxide after ferric nitrate addition.  
• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the  
image area D-max.  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Ferricyanide Bleach  
Fresh Tank  
(SR-27)  
900 mL  
30.0 g  
17.0 g  
1 L  
(SR-27R)  
900 mL  
49.0 g  
26.0 g  
1 L  
Water 32-43°C (90-110°F)  
Potassium Ferricyanide (Anhydrous) *  
Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous)  
Water to make  
30.0 ± 5.0 g/L  
49.0 ± 2.0 g/L  
17.0 ± 2.0 g/L  
26.0 ± 2.0 g/L  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)†  
6.5 ± 0.5  
8.0 ± 0.3  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
1.027 ± 0.003  
1.043 ± 0.003  
(fresh)  
*
One gram of this compound can also be obtained by mixing 0.41 gram of potassium persulfate and 1.47 grams of sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate.  
The reaction between potassium persulfate and sodium ferrocyanide takes about 1 hour, after which the final adjustments to the mix should be made.  
† Adjust to proper pH with 2.5 N sodium hydroxide of 2.5 N sulfuric acid.  
• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the  
image area D-max.  
9-24  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
Fixer  
To be used with persulfate bleach (may also be used with alternate process bleaches)  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Fixer  
(F-35b)  
800 mL  
100 mL  
2.5 gL  
10.3 g  
0.50 g  
1 L  
(F-35-bR)  
700 mL  
170.0 mL  
16.0 g  
5.8 g  
Water 21-38°C (70-100°F)  
Ammonium Thiosulfate Solution (58%)  
Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Bisulfite (Anhydrous)  
Potassium Iodide  
100 ± 10 mL/L  
15.0 ± 3.0 g/L*  
170 ± 10 mL/L  
23.0 ± 3.0 g/L*  
0.50 ± 0.02 g/L  
0.70 g  
1 L  
0.70 ± 0.02 g/L  
Water to make  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
5.8 ± 0.2†  
1.060 ± 0.003 (fresh)  
24.0 ± 2.0  
6.6 ± 0.2†  
1.083 ± 0.003  
38.0 ± 2.0  
Specific Gravity 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Hypo Index (3 mL sample)  
*
Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfite and bisulfite together as total sulfite (Na SO ).  
2
3
Fixer pH may decrease with certain operating conditions when electrolytically desilvering the fixer. If the fixer is not desilvered or desilvered by the  
batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.015. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could cause  
sulfurization of the fixer.  
To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal  
replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.  
Alternate Process Fixer  
(can be used with alternate process bleaches, not persulfate)  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Fixer  
(F-35d)  
800 mL  
100 mL  
None  
(F-35dR)  
700 mL  
170.0 mL  
2.5 g  
Water 21-38°C (70 to 100°F)  
Ammonium Thiosulfate Solution (58%)  
Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Bisulfite (Anhydrous)  
Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N)  
100 mL ± 10 mL/L  
170 mL ± 10 mL/L  
20.5 ± 3.0 g/L*  
15.0 ± 3.0 g/L  
13.0 g  
2.7 mL  
1 L  
17.5 g  
None  
Water to make  
1 L  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
5.00 ± 0.15†  
1.060 ± 0.003 (fresh)  
24.0 ± 2.0  
5.80 ± 0.15†  
1.083 ± 0.003  
38.0 ± 2.0  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Hypo Index (3 mL sample)  
*
Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfite and bisulfite together as total sulfite (Na SO ).  
2
3
† Fixer pH may decrease with certain operating conditions when electrolytically desilvering the fixer. If the fixer is not desilvered or is desilvered by the  
batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.15. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could cause  
sulfurization of the fixer.  
To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal  
replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-25  
 
     
Alternate Process Fixer  
The Sodium Fixer is recommended as an alternate fixer for use only with a persulfate bleach. The sodium fixer is not recommended  
for use in the ECN-2 process or as a “House Fixer”.  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Sodium Fixer  
Fresh Tank  
Water 21-38°C (70 to 100°F)  
Sodium Thiosulfate (Anhydrous)  
Sodium Sulfite  
800 mL  
82.7 g  
2.5 g  
800 mL  
141 g  
19 g  
82.7 g ± 8 g/L  
141 g ± 8 g/L  
15 g  
27 g*  
Sodium Bisulfite  
10.3 g  
0.5 g  
6.5 g  
0.7 g  
1 L  
Potassium Iodide  
Water to make  
1 L  
pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F)  
5.8 ± 0.20,  
6.6 ± 0.20†  
1.091  
1.088  
*
Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfite and bisulfite together as total sulfite (Na SO ).  
2
3
† Fixer pH may decrease with certain operating conditions when electrolytically desilvering the fixer. If the fixer is not desilvered or is desilvered by the  
batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.15. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could cause  
sulfurization of the fixer. At a higher pH than designated, stain can occur because all the developing agent may not be removed from the film before  
the bleaching step.  
To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal  
replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.  
Final Rinse  
Fresh and Seasoned Tank  
Analytical Specifications  
Fresh  
Replenisher  
Replenisher Analytical  
Specifications  
Constituent  
Fresh Tank  
Final Rinse*  
(FR-2)  
900 mL  
0.14 mL  
1 L  
(FR-2R)  
900 mL  
0.17 mL  
1 L  
Water 21-38°C (70-100°F)  
KODAK Stabilizer Additive  
Water to make  
*
If biological growth becomes a problem, Proxel GXL may be added at 0.07 mL/L; or Spectrus NX1106 at 0.7 mL/L. Proxel GXL is recommended  
over Spectrus NX1106 as the NX1106 sometimes causes fog in the developer solution.  
9-26  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
 
 
Storage of Solutions  
OPTICAL SOUND PROCESSING  
Do not use replenishers that have been stored at normal room  
temperatures 21 to 24°C (70 to 75°F), longer than the times  
given in Table 9-9. Storage temperatures higher than 24°C  
(75°F) will decrease the storage life of the solutions. Storage  
temperatures below 16°C (60°F) can cause some solution  
constituents to precipitate.  
Overview  
The sound track is printed onto KODAK VISION Color  
Print Film / 2383, KODAK VISION Premier Color Print  
Film / 2393 and KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film /  
2395 / 3395 from a negative sound original. Only the cyan  
emulsion layer should be exposed. This can be accomplished  
by using a KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filter 29 in the light  
beam. (Some "ND" filtration may be necessary for  
optimization.)  
Do not attempt to bring aged replenisher solutions to the  
formula level. Decomposition products that are formed as  
the solution stands cannot be eliminated from the solution.  
These compounds build up to a concentration that can cause  
adverse photographic effects.  
In Process ECP-2E, the developer produces a positive  
silver and dye image of the sound track. As with the image  
areas, the bleach converts the silver image back to silver  
halide. The silver halide is removed from the film by the fix.  
The dye track will be a cyan only image after processing. No  
special sound track equiment is necessary. If a first fixer is  
still periodically in use on a processor, it may be skipped by  
threading the film directly from the stop wash into the bleach  
or bleach accelerator if no sound track development is  
required.  
Table 9-9 STORAGE LIFE OF REPLENISHER SOLUTIONS  
AT 21 TO 24°C (70 TO 75°F)  
Replenisher  
Floating Cover  
Open Tank  
Color Developer  
SD-50Ra, SD-51R  
2 weeks  
1 week  
Stop SB-14  
Others  
Indefinite*  
8 weeks  
8 weeks  
8 weeks  
Closed, Full Glass Open or Partially  
Container Full Container  
An overview of dye sound tracks can be found in Dye  
Sound Tracks: A Laboratory Guide, available from our  
Entertainment Imaging offices or the Eastman Kodak  
Company website at http://www.kodak.com/go/motion.  
*
If solution is kept clean.  
Discard the remaining few litres of replenisher before  
fresh replenisher is pumped into the holding tank.  
Replenisher remaining in the holding tank, even if kept  
under a close-fitting floating cover, usually has deteriorated  
to such an extent that it is unsatisfactory for further use.  
For best process control, equip the holding tank for the  
color developer replenisher with a tight-fitting floating  
cover. The cover will minimize air oxidation of the solution,  
and absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, which would  
change the pH. Clearance between the cover and the tank  
Sound Track Operating Specifications  
SMPTE Standards 40-2002 and 41-1999 define the location  
and dimensions of the sound tracks for 35 mm and 16 mm  
films respectively.  
Sound Track Control  
The major control parameters in the production of optical  
sound tracks are the position of the track on the film, the  
width of the track, and the unmodulated density of the track.  
The sound track densities are dependent on processing  
conditions and on the amount of exposure of the sound track  
during printing. Unlike redeveloped silver or high magenta  
sound tracks, the optimum density of cyan dye tracks should  
be measured in Status A density.  
wall should not be greater than 1inch (6.4 mm).  
4
Polyethylene sheeting of 1inch (12.7 mm) thickness makes  
2
adequate covers in sizes up to 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter. A  
dust cover, alone, permits air to contact more of the solution  
surface and allows air oxidation to take place. Dust covers  
should be used for non-developer solutions to minimize dirt  
in the replenisher tanks.  
The optimal variable-area sound track density on  
KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383 and KODAK  
VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 is between 2.0 and  
2.2 (read as Status A density) The blue and green Status A  
densities should be between 0.2 and 0.4 The filter pack  
should be adjusted to give the proper green and blue  
responses. Once a filter pack is found that produces blue and  
green densities in this range, the red density should be used  
as the primary quality control parameter. Choose a print  
density that will provide a good compromise between signal-  
to-noise ratio and frequency response.  
The densities of the sound track negatives required to  
produce minimum cross-modulation distortion at optimal  
print densities are determined using recognized cross-  
modulation test procedures.  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
9-27  
 
           
Processing KODAK Color Print Films, Module 9  
Process ECP-2E Specifications  
MORE INFORMATION  
For more information on motion picture products, call or  
write to the Entertainment Imaging office nearest you.  
Or access Kodak’s home page on the Internet, web site  
address—  
You may want to bookmark our location so you can find  
us more easily.  
Processing KODAK Color Print Films,  
Module 9, Process ECP-2E  
Specifications  
Kodak, Vision, and Eastman are trademarks.  
Revision 7/06  
Printed in U.S.A.  
 
 

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